Dennis Kozlowski

William Jennings Bryan

(1860 - 1925)

Black and white photograph of a young Marshall McLuhan with a think mustache.

Marshall McLuhan

(1911 - 1980)

Artist rendering of Hindu statesman and philosopher Kautilya.

Kautilya

(c. 350 BC - c. 300 BC)

Herman J. Mankiewicz

(1897 - 1953)

Sculpture bust of legendary Greek fabulist Aesop.

Aesop

(c. 620 BC - c. 564 BC)

Frontispiece for 1612-13 King James Bible.

The Bible

John Maynard Keynes

(1883 - 1946)

James Buchan

Roman historian Sallust.

Sallust

(c. 86 BC - c. 34 BC)

Florentine ruler and patron Lorenzo de Medici.

Lorenzo de’ Medici

(1449 - 1492)

Portrait of British poet Lord Byron.

Lord Byron

(1788 - 1824)

Dorothy Parker working at her typewriter.

Dorothy Parker

(1893 - 1967)

Alexander Hamilton

(1755 - 1804)

William Makepeace Thackeray

(1811 - 1863)

Photograph of English novelist Charles Dickens.

Charles Dickens

(1812 - 1870)

Portrait of young Arthur Schopenhauer wearing a brown suit and a cravat.

Arthur Schopenhauer

(1788 - 1860)

Black and white photograph of a young Mark Twain with dark hair.

Mark Twain

(1835 - 1910)

American novelist John Dos Passos.

John Dos Passos

(1896 - 1970)

Elias Canetti

(1905 - 1994)

French theologian and philosopher Peter Abelard.

Peter Abelard

(1079 - 1142)

British historian and author Ian Kershaw.

Ian Kershaw

Black and white image of Roman philosopher and statesman Seneca the Younger.

Seneca the Younger

(4 BC - 65)

color oil painting of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in a red tunic with gray hair

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

(1756 - 1791)

Henry Ford

(1863 - 1947)

Photo of stone Aristotle statue face

Aristotle

(384 BC - 322 BC)

Italian literary critic and novelist Umberto Eco.

Umberto Eco

(1932 - 2016)

Statue depicting Roman orator and historian Tacitus.

Tacitus

(56 - c. 120)

Mortimer Neal Thomson

(1831 - 1875)

Joris-Karl Huysmans

(1848 - 1907)

English writer Geoffrey Chaucer.

Geoffrey Chaucer

(c. 1342 - 1400)

Color portrait of English philosopher John Locke.

John Locke

(1632 - 1704)

Portrait of Alexis de Tocqueville wearing a black suit and standing in front of a chair.

Alexis de Tocqueville

(1805 - 1859)

American author Washington Irving.

Washington Irving

(1783 - 1859)

Portrait of Philip Dormer Stanhope wearing a blue sash.

Philip Dormer Stanhope

(1694 - 1773)

Professor of anthropology Jack Weatherford.

Jack Weatherford

Lewis Lapham at his desk

Lewis H. Lapham

(1935 - 2024)

Painted portrait of English philosopher Jeremy Bentham.

Jeremy Bentham

(1748 - 1832)

Portrait of Fyodor Dostoevsky

Fyodor Dostoevsky

(1821 - 1881)

L.M. Sixel

Loretta Napoleoni 

Juvenal

(c. 60 - c. 130)

Orson Welles

(1915 - 1985)

Black and white photograph of a young John Ruskin wearing a suit.

John Ruskin

(1819 - 1900)

Engraving of William Shakespeare from the first folio edition.

William Shakespeare

(1564 - 1616)

Jackson Lears

Image of Scottish poet, journalist, and author Charles Mackay.

Charles Mackay

(1814 - 1889)

Roger Starr

(1918 - 2001)

Ayn Rand (Everett Collection Inc./Alamy Stock Photo)

Ayn Rand

(1905 - 1982)

Photograph of Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie

(1835 - 1919)

Mark Singer

John C. Calhoun

(1782 - 1850)

Ukrainian-born Russian novelist Nikolai Gogol.

Nikolai Gogol

(1809 - 1852)

Color portrait of German theologian and reformer Martin Luther.

Martin Luther

(1483 - 1546)

Suetonius

(69 - c. 130)

Engraving of Scottish economist Adam Smith.

Adam Smith

(1723 - 1790)

Adrian Nicole LeBlanc

James J. Cramer

Black and white image of Greek biographer and writer Plutarch.

Plutarch

(46 - c. 120)

English novelist, essayist, and critic George Orwell.

George Orwell

(1903 - 1950)

Hammurabi

(1810 BC - 1750 BC)

Mosaic portrait of a bearded man in red holding a book

Marco Polo

(1254 - 1324)

British historian Edward Gibbon.

Edward Gibbon

(1737 - 1794)

Seated man with a large white beard wearing a dark suit

Karl Marx

(1818 - 1883)

Indiana University professor Edward Castronova.

Edward Castronova

Photograph of Michael Lewis

Michael Lewis

Rainer Rene Adelmann von Adelmannsfelden

American sociologist and reformer W. E. B. Du Bois.

W.E.B. Du Bois

(1868 - 1963)

Ihara Saikaku

(1642 - 1693)

American author Tom Wolfe.

Tom Wolfe

(1931 - 2018)

George Bernard Shaw

(1856 - 1950)

Soldier and writer Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon.

Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon

(1675 - 1755)

American novelist Upton Sinclair.

Upton Sinclair

(1878 - 1968)

Robert Towne

John Updike

(1932 - 2009)

Black and white photograph of French novelist, playwright, and philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre.

Jean-Paul Sartre

(1905 - 1980)

Notorious B.I.G. (© MediaPunch Inc./Alamy Stock Photo)

The Notorious B.I.G.

(1972 - 1997)

Photograph of Jorge Luis Borges

Jorge Luis Borges

(1899 - 1986)

Painting of Benjamin Franklin reading a batch of papers next to a classical bust.

Benjamin Franklin

(1706 - 1790)

Classical engraving of Aristophanes with a long beard.

Aristophanes

(c. 446 BC - c. 386 BC)

Color drawing of Jane Austen sitting in a chair wearing a blue dress

Jane Austen

(1775 - 1817)

Portrait of Scottish biographer and diarist James Boswell.

James Boswell

(1740 - 1795)

Engraving of Pliny the Elder.

Pliny the Elder

(23 - 79)

Black and white engraving of Roman author Petronius.

Gaius Petronius Arbiter

(c. 27 - 66)

Charlemagne

(c. 747 - 814)

Hans Holbein portrait of Sir Thomas More.

Thomas More

(1478 - 1535)

Black and white photograph of English writer Virginia Woolf.

Virginia Woolf

(1882 - 1941)

Black and white photograph of Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud with cigar.

Sigmund Freud

(1856 - 1949)

Painted portrait of Florentine statesman and philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli.

Niccolò Machiavelli

(1469 - 1527)

Russian author Anton Chekhov.

Anton Chekhov

(1860 - 1904)

Jonathan Swift

Jonathan Swift

(1667 - 1745)

German poet Heinrich Heine.

Heinrich Heine

(1797 - 1856)

Photograph of American writer Ralph Ellison.

Ralph Ellison

(1914 - 1994)

Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, and writer Marcus Tullius Cicero.

Marcus Tullius Cicero

(106 BC - 43 BC)

British novelist, translator and author Tim Parks.

Tim Parks

Photograph of Thorstein Veblen

Thorstein Veblen

(1857 - 1929)

Photograph of Vladimir Nabokov

Vladimir Nabokov

(1899 - 1977)

German writer and statesman Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

(1749 - 1832)

Black and white photograph of American author Edith Wharton.

Edith Wharton

(1862 - 1937)

Joan Didion

(1934 - 2021)

Stephen Burroughs

(1765 - 1840)

Daniel Loeb