
John Ruskin
(1819 - 1900)
John Ruskin composed most of The Seven Lamps of Architecture amid the upheavals of 1848, and in the preface he wrote of the defacement that recently had been wrought “by the restorer or revolutionist.” He coined the term pathetic fallacy to mean the attribution of human traits or emotions to inanimate objects or animals. His marriage to Euphemia Gray was annulled in 1854 on the grounds that it had not been consummated, although in a legal deposition Ruskin claimed, “I can prove my virility at once.” In 1878 James McNeill Whistler sued Ruskin for libel after his attack on the painter’s Nocturne in Black and Gold. Whistler won a farthing and went bankrupt; Ruskin’s reputation was forever tarnished.