“America’s founding is not just your conventional heroic struggle for noble ideas and ideals,” says historian Holger Hoock on today’s episode of The World in Time. “It is also a profoundly violent civil war—America’s first civil war—and a civil war in the British Empire.”

This second, war-torn episode of Lapham’s Revolutionary America, a special series of The World in Time, collects historical dispatches from the battlefields, excerpting two conversations that Lewis Lapham recorded, one with Hoock about his 2017 book Scars of Independence: America’s Violent Birth, the other with Joseph J. Ellis, from 2022, about The Cause: The American Revolution and its Discontents, 1773–1783.

The ad-free, unabridged Substack edition of the episode concludes with an audio version of an essay adapted from Peter C. Mancall’s new book, Contested Continent: The Struggle for North America, c. 1000 to 1680, the most recent and chronologically earliest addition to The Oxford History of the United States, other volumes of which include Gordon S. Wood’s Empire of Liberty and Richard White’s The Republic for Which It Stands. Titled “The Mystic River Massacre,” Mancall’s essay takes readers and listeners into a violent colonial prologue to the country’s violent, revolutionary birth.