Artistic Movement

1. A. Through pamphlets, demonstrations, press releases, and alternative exhibitions, Women Artists in Revolution advocated for female artists in the male-dominated art world of New York City in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
2. B. In his 1886 “Symbolist Manifesto,” the Greek-born French poet Jean Moréas presented a vision of symbolist poetry as a turn away from traditional themes and rhyming schemes that would free writers from outmoded conventions, allowing them to better portray the fleeting experience of life.
3. C. The group of British figurative painters known as the Stuckists organized in opposition to conceptual art in 1999. The following year founders Billy Childish and Charles Thomson published the first of several Stuckist manifestos.
4. D. In a 1948 manifesto penned by Paul-Émile Borduas, the Automatistes described their movement as a rebellion against mainstream Canadian culture. The multidisciplinary Quebec-based group of artists used the “automatic” method to paint, draw, and write with the hope of accessing the unconscious by relinquishing control and allowing the hand to move randomly.
5. E. In a 2007 interview, saxophonist Ornette Coleman described free jazz, the musical style he refined and popularized in the late 1950s and early 1960s: instead of having soloists perform over a repeating harmonic sequence, Coleman encouraged his band to improvise, changing chords, pitch, bar line, and speed independently of one another.
6. F. Since 2003, Ohad Naharin, the Israeli creator of a dance form he calls Gaga, has encouraged students to create new movements in response to cues such as boil like spaghetti, taste something good in your mouth, or imagine a ball of energy running through your body.
7. G. The Cairo-based collective of surrealists known as Art et Liberté was inspired by the work of André Breton and by Egyptian art ranging from pharaonic sculptures to Coptic textiles. In its 1938 manifesto “Vive l’art dégenéré!” (“Long Live Degenerate Art!”), the collective decried the previous year’s Nazi Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art) exhibition in Munich.
8. H. Led by the Polish Ukrainian painter Kazimir Malevich, who established the group in Moscow in 1915, the Suprematists created avant-garde works with simple, abstract shapes meant to evoke artistic feeling and explore the energy of color.