1704 | London

Laws of Nature

Isaac Newton on the line between science and the occult.

It seems probable to me that God in the beginning formed matter in solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, moveable particles of such sizes and figures and with such other properties, and in such proportion to space, as most conduced to the end for which he formed them; and that these primitive particles, being solids, are incomparably harder than any porous bodies compounded of them—even so very hard as never to wear or break in pieces, no ordinary power being able to divide what God himself made one in the first creation.

While the particles continue entire, they may compose bodies of one and the same nature and texture in all ages. These principles I consider not as occult qualities, supposed to result from the specific forms of things, but as general laws of nature, by which the things themselves are formed; their truth appearing to us by phenomena, though their causes be not yet discovered. For these are manifest qualities, and their causes only are occult. And the Aristotelians gave the name of occult qualities not to manifest qualities but to such qualities only as they supposed to lie hid in bodies and to be the unknown causes of manifest effects—such as would be the causes of gravity, of magnetic and electric attractions, and of fermentations—if we should suppose that these forces or actions arose from qualities unknown to us and incapable of being discovered and made manifest. To tell us that every species of things is endowed with an occult specific quality by which it acts and produces manifest effects is to tell us nothing, but to derive two or three general principles of motion from phenomena and afterward to tell us how the properties and actions of all corporeal things follow from those manifest principles would be a very great step in philosophy, though the causes of those principles were not yet discovered.

Portrait of English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton.
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Isaac Newton

From Opticks. During “the prime of my age for invention,” around 1665 and 1667, Newton conducted the optical experiments that led to his account of white light containing all colors in the spectrum and developed the fundamentals of calculus as well as the basics of the law of universal gravitation. At the age of twenty-four in 1667, he was made a minor fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge. That year he bought a six-volume collection of alchemical writings and also built the first reflecting telescope. He died at the age of eighty-two in 1727.